-- 12 -- Inductive Fallacies; Reading; Understanding and Creating Visuals

-- 12 -- Fallacies TFY C10 Fallacies; 
CRCB Part III - Advanced Strategies for Critical Reading

CRCB C11: Reading, Understanding and Creating Visuals

TFY Chapter Ten Fallacies

This chapter will teach you about the names and meanings of eleven fallacies. Fallacies may be accidental or intentional; many are amusing, all are manipulative; each sidesteps the work of constructing a fair and well-reasoned argument. Multiple examples and exercises will teach you how to recognize a number of basic fallacies and understand why they are fallacious

Web Links
Chapter 10	back to top
LOGICAL FALLACIES
Here are two more perspectives on the fallacies with definitions and examples.
http://www.csun.edu/~dgw61315/fallacies.html

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Chapter 10
Appeal to Bandwagon	This fallacy seeks to persuade by appealing to the wisdom of the momentum of a popular opinion.
Appeal to False Authority	This fallacy seeks to persuade by citing fake, questionable, or inappropriate authority.
Appeal to Fear	This fallacy seeks to persuade by arousing fear that clouds rationality.
Appeal to Pity	This fallacy seeks to persuade by arousing pity.
Circular Reasoning	This fallacy assumes what it is supposed to prove by reasserting the conclusion, sometimes in different words, as though this conclusion needed no supporting reasons.
Fallacy	A fallacy is an invalid, argument that can be deceptive or misleading.
Fallacy of Word Ambiguity	This fallacy seeks to gain an advantage in an argument by using vague undefined words that can be interpreted in more than one way.
Infer	To use imagination and reasoning to fill in missing facts. To connect the dots.
Misleading Euphemisms	This fallacy hides meaning by creating words that make a less acceptable idea seem positive or unrecognizable.
Opinion	Opinion is a word used to include an unsupported belief, a supported argument, an expert’s judgment, prevailing public sentiment, and a formal statement by a court.
Personal Attack	This fallacy attacks a person’s character without addressing the issue.
Pointing to Another Wrong	This fallacy distracts attention from an admitted wrongdoing by claiming that similar actions went unnoticed and unpunished.
Poisoning the Well	This fallacy seeks to prejudice others against a person, group or idea so that their arguments cannot be heard on their own merits.
Prejudicial Language	This fallacy attempts to persuade through the use of loaded words that convey a bias.
Principal claim and reasons	These are the two parts of an argument. The principal claim is the thesis or conclusion. The reasons support this claim through evidence or other claims. A claim is an assertion about something.
Red Herring	This fallacy distracts attention away from the lack of proof for a claim by raising irrelevant issues.
Straw man	This fallacy misrepresents or caricatures an opponent’s position, then refutes the false replica created.
Thinking	Purposeful mental activity such as reasoning, deciding, judging, believing, supposing, expecting, intending, recalling, remembering, visualizing, imagining, devising, inventing, concentrating, conceiving, considering.

CRCB 11

Critical Reading for College and Beyond

CHAPTER ELEVEN -- SLIDES OUTLINE

CHAPTER GOALS After learning Chapter 11, you should be able to demonstrate:

How to read visual information, such as charts, graphs, and photos.

Why authors select particular visuals to convey certain types of information to their readers.

How to create visuals to help you remember information your have learned from your texts.

Purpose of Visual Aids?

Visual aids provide a quick, easily accessible format for information that shows how information is connected and/or the meaning.

Types of Visual Aids in Textbooks

Charts and tables

Diagrams

Illustrations

Graphs – bar graphs, line graphs, pictographs, and pie graphs

Photographs

Time Lines

Creating Visual Aids

Outlines

Mind Maps

Charts

Matrices

Free Form Drawings

Guide for Selecting a Visual Aid

Charts – compare data

Diagrams – represent places, things, processes

Photographs – show actual events

Outlines – show linear organization

Time Lines – represent chronology of events

What If I’m Not an Artist?

You don’t need to be an artist to make effective visuals.

Visuals only have to make sense to you.

Visuals should be labeled so that you remember key information.

Chapter Vocabulary

Charts

Diagrams

Outlines

Bar Graphs

Pie Graphs

Photographs

Free-Form Drawings

Illustrations

Line Graphs

Tables

Time Lines

Mind Maps

Concept Maps

Pictographs